美國雜志Reason6月5日文章,原題:與中國貿易并不會摧毀美國經濟(No, Trade With China Did Not Kill the US Economy)
2015年以來,美國政府宣揚所謂“中國沖擊("China shock")”敘事,他們認為“中國崛起摧毀了美國制造業,使美國無數藍領工人失業”。這一“理論”為美國保護主義、加征關稅提供了完美的鋪墊和借口。
提出這一“理論”的幾位經濟學家們認為,與中國進口接觸較多的美國地區,制造業崗位的損失明顯大于與中國接觸較少的地區。民粹主義者借此大做文章,辯稱2001年中國加入世貿組織導致了美國數百萬個工作崗位的流失與社會瓦解。
近日,美國Reason雜志援引美國企業研究所學者斯科特·溫希普(Scott Winship)的研究指出,該理論的準確性有待商榷。
溫希普指出,中國貿易的負面影響被顯著夸大了,許多將美國經濟困境歸咎于與中國進行貿易的民粹敘事,實際上缺乏嚴謹的數據支持。
Winship contends that the negative effects of trade with China have been significantly exaggerated and that populist narratives blaming this trade for US economic decline aren't supported by rigorous evidence.
首先,“中國沖擊”理論聚焦于特定區域,未能代表全美,并不能證實中國貿易對美國經濟全局的影響。即便姑且接受這一設定,其顯示的結果也僅是相對溫和的就業影響(only relatively modest employment effects)。
為此,他通過兩個擁有20萬勞動人口和2萬制造業崗位的社區來舉例:處于最少影響的10%地區和最受沖擊的10%地區,二者在制造業崗位上的差距大概是2700個,相當于總就業的1.4個百分點。
Winship gives the example of two hypothetical commuting zones with 200,000 working-age residents and 20,000 manufacturing workers. Data from the theory's proponents indicate that moving from low (10th percentile) to high (90th percentile) exposure to Chinese imports would result in a loss of roughly 2,700 manufacturing jobs—just a 1.4-percentage-point drop in overall manufacturing employment.
這樣的數據不足以解釋歸咎于中國的社區衰退、社會動蕩和民粹主義反彈。
This does not convincingly explain the community decline, social disruption, and populist backlash often blamed specifically on Chinese trade.
其次,溫希普還指出了多項“中國沖擊”理論方法論上的問題。
受中國貿易影響較大的地區的制造業崗位損失,往往被其他行業的就業增長所抵消,甚至超過。與中國進口接觸更多的企業反而增加了制造業就業,因為廉價進口商品使其能將崗位重新配置到更高效的本土生產線上。
Further research revealed that job losses in exposed areas were often offset or even outweighed by employment gains in other sectors. Firms with greater Chinese import exposure increased manufacturing employment, reallocating jobs to more efficient domestic production lines enabled by cheaper imports.
美國制造業就業的下降早在中國加入WTO之前就已持續幾十年。上世紀70年代末到2000年,制造業就業人數就已大幅減少,主要原因是技術進步和消費需求變化。
Moreover, the steady decline in US manufacturing employment began decades before China's WTO entry. Between the late 1970s and 2000, factory employment had already decreased substantially, mostly because of technological advances and shifting consumer demand.
中國加入WTO之后,美國就業率下降趨勢并未加速。制造業崗位減少的速度與之前一致,這更削弱了“中國貿易摧毀美國制造業”的論點。
此外,大多數的制造業工人并非永久失業。實際上,近年來制造業工人失業率甚至低于1990年代末中國進口高峰期前的水平,許多人成功轉向其他行業。
Furthermore, former manufacturing workers generally did not face permanent unemployment. In fact, unemployment rates among this group were lower in recent years compared to the late 1990s, before the peak of Chinese imports. Many workers transitioned successfully into other sectors.
值得注意的是,如今美國制造業仍有大約50萬個崗位空缺。
文章指出,盡管事實如此,“中國沖擊”這一被夸大的敘事仍具有政治影響力。特朗普的關稅政策不僅無助于經濟穩定,反而傷害了美國制造商。
解決之道不是孤立和關稅,而是讓美國工人適應變化(empower US workers to adapt to economic changes)。
經濟學家指出,工人未能從沖擊中恢復,往往是因為政府設置了重重障礙,導致他們難以調整。
Economists have shown that to the extent that workers sometimes don't recover from shocks, it tends to be a failure to adjust because of obstacles erected by government.
該文章總結出核心觀點:中國進口對美國制造業的影響實際上非常有限(limited role Chinese imports have played in manufacturing-employment trend)。
2025年,美國面臨的真正“沖擊”并非來自中國,而是錯誤判斷帶來的保護主義回潮。真正的出路,應是善用國際貿易,而非沉迷于經濟幻象。
The real "shock" America faces in 2025 is not from Chinese imports but from a resurgence of misguided protectionism based on a misdiagnosed problem. The path forward harnesses trade's real benefits rather than chasing economic illusions.
編輯:焦潔
來源:Reason
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