據俄羅斯《共青團真理報》網站6月8日報道,埃隆·馬斯克的太空探索技術公司(Space-X)發射的“星鏈”衛星正在接連墜落。美國國家航空航天局(NASA)戈達德航天中心的物理學家丹尼·奧利維拉領導的研究小組對這一“衛星雨”現象進行了研究。
“星鏈”衛星自2019年首次發射以來,2020年就已出現衛星墜落情況。考慮到馬斯克發射的衛星數量龐大,最初的墜落數量仍在合理范圍內:2020年僅墜落兩顆。然而,2021年墜落數量飆升至78顆;此后兩年,分別有99顆(2022年)和88顆(2023年)衛星墜毀。去年情況則發生了顯著變化:多達316顆衛星在大氣層中燒毀。截至目前,“星鏈”共損失了583顆衛星,平均大約每15顆中就有一顆墜落。這到底是怎么回事?
The Sun's growing activity is affecting Earth's satellites, particularly those in the Starlink constellation launched by Space-X. Denny Oliveira, a space physicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre, led a study on Starlink satellites that fell back to Earth between 2020 and 2024.
Space-X first began launching Starlink satellites in 2019, and already the following year, in 2020, some of them started to fall. However, given the enormous number of satellites Musk was putting into orbit, the initial losses were within a reasonable range — only two satellites crashed in 2020. But by 2021, the number had surged to 78. For the next two years, the "satellite fall" stayed at roughly the same level — 99 in 2022 and 88 in 2023. Then something strange happened last year: A staggering 316 satellites burned up in the atmosphere. In total, the Starlink constellation has lost 583 satellites.
2024年6月23日,在美國加利福尼亞州恩西尼塔斯拍攝的照片顯示,搭載著“星鏈”衛星的“獵鷹9”火箭從范登堡太空軍基地發射升空。圖源:新華社
研究小組將衛星墜落時間與各種自然現象進行比對,發現墜落與太陽活動之間存在明確關聯。研究報告指出:“我們清楚地發現,目前太陽活動增強,對‘星鏈’衛星墜入大氣層產生了顯著影響。這是研究衛星軌道阻力的絕佳時機,因為在本輪太陽活動高峰期,地球低軌衛星數量達到了人類歷史上的最高水平。”
"We clearly show that the intense solar activity of the current solar cycle has already had significant impacts on Starlink reentries. This is a very exciting time in satellite orbital drag research, since the number of satellites in low-Earth orbit and solar activity are the highest ever observed in human history," the NASA team wrote in the paper.
“星鏈”計劃啟動于2019年,當時正值太陽活動的低谷期。NASA數據顯示,去年太陽活動達到高峰。太陽活動大致以11年為一周期。當太陽表面出現大量黑子時,會伴隨強烈爆炸和太陽耀斑現象,太陽風也通過日冕洞向外噴發。其中一部分物質會朝地球方向飛去,引發磁暴。
當太陽等離子體抵達地球并觸發磁暴時,還會帶來另一種效應——對地球上層大氣的加熱。受熱膨脹的大氣層會產生更強阻力,使衛星偏離軌道,最終墜落。由于“星鏈”衛星需要提供通信服務,其軌道高度較低。據估計,這種軌道上的衛星平均壽命為5年。
Increased solar activity heats the upper atmosphere, causing it to expand. This expansion increases drag on spacecraft in low-Earth orbit, requiring trajectory adjustments to maintain their orbits.
盡管這一現象已有一定科學解釋,仍有不少未解之謎。研究報告指出,大約70%的衛星并非在強磁暴期間墜落,而是在中等或弱磁暴期間墜落。這可能是因為弱磁暴持續時間更長,會緩慢“侵蝕”軌道,最終將衛星推向不可避免的結局。
來源:參考消息 新德里電視臺 共青團真理報
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