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今天是文化和自然遺產(chǎn)日，作為非遺大市、文物之邦的紹興，近年來(lái)，圍繞東亞文化之都，在文化的轉(zhuǎn)化創(chuàng)新和國(guó)際傳播上，有許多創(chuàng)新之舉、生動(dòng)案例，激活“堯舜禹文化”便是其中之一。繼連續(xù)兩天的《堯舜禹遺跡圖向世界講述中華文明故事》、《循著“堯舜禹”足跡 探尋中華文明之源》引發(fā)全網(wǎng)關(guān)注后，再將2022年6月11日《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》（英文版）刊發(fā)的《圣賢之聲 回響千年》轉(zhuǎn)載如下（翻譯），以賀2025文化和自然遺產(chǎn)日。下一步紹興將繼續(xù)從非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)、國(guó)際人文交流等多個(gè)維度，深化對(duì)堯舜禹文化的研究、轉(zhuǎn)化和傳播。

《中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)》2022年6月11日

In China, Dayu, or Yu the Great, is a household name and a character who figures prominently in the origin of Chinese civilization. He is credited with establishing the Xia Dynasty (c. 21st century-16th century BC), the start of China's dynastic rule. Even some toddlers can vividly tell his heroics of controlling the primordial floods that had once ravaged the lands.

在中國(guó)，大禹是一個(gè)家喻戶曉的名字，他也是一個(gè)在中華文明起源中扮演重要角色的人物。一般認(rèn)為，正是大禹建立了夏王朝（約公元前21世紀(jì)至公元前16世紀(jì)），從此拉開(kāi)了中國(guó)歷史上王朝統(tǒng)治的序幕。如果你去到中國(guó)，甚至是一些蹣跚學(xué)步的孩童都能繪聲繪色地講述這位圣人治理上古時(shí)期大洪水的豐功偉績(jī)。

Indeed, it is often said in historical records that "Around the Nine Regions, traces of Yu can be found everywhere, and temples commemorating Yu can be seen everywhere". Nine Regions is a term generally found in ancient Chinese history referring to Chinese territories and has since taken on the meaning of China.

的確，人們經(jīng)常會(huì)說(shuō)道：“蓋九州之中，禹之跡無(wú)弗在也，禹之廟亦無(wú)弗有也”——作為古代中國(guó)的一個(gè)地理區(qū)劃概念，“九州”早已成為“中國(guó)”的代名詞。

紹興會(huì)稽山

Now, with the publication of a map and its accompanying materials, including a book of copious notes and photos, a fuller picture of Yu's achievements is available, one that gives a deeper insight into his legacy.

而近期一幅地圖及其相關(guān)資料的出版發(fā)行讓人們更進(jìn)一步地了解到大禹留給后世的遺產(chǎn)。這幅名為《中國(guó)禹跡圖》的成果由正圖、說(shuō)明、表格、照片、資料匯編等五部分組成。

The map, covering 26 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, which is titled Zhongguo Yuji Tu (Map of Traces of Yu in China), documents 323 of more than 1,000 Yuji, or traces of Yu, across the country.

從全國(guó)1000余處禹跡中，精選26個(gè)省（自治區(qū)、直轄市）的323個(gè)點(diǎn)，分屬11個(gè)流域，詳細(xì)記述了“禹跡”。

"It is by no means a simple list," says Qiu Zhirong, one of the chief editors of the map and deputy head of the Water History Committee of the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society. "Rather, it is a serious academic exploration of a major Chinese historical and cultural phenomenon."

“這些禹跡點(diǎn)絕不是簡(jiǎn)單地羅列，” 《中國(guó)禹跡圖》主編之一，中國(guó)水利學(xué)會(huì)水利史研究會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)邱志榮表示。“它們是破解歷史文化大案一項(xiàng)重要的學(xué)術(shù)探究。”

立于會(huì)稽山麓的大禹像

First, Yuji, or traces of Yu, have been clearly defined. They include sacrificial activities, memorial buildings, inscriptions, ruins, historical records of his stories and folk tales, as well as place names and a few movable relics and intangible cultural heritage, among others, that are based on Yu's flood control and have survived to this day, researchers who have compiled the map say.

首先，《中國(guó)禹跡圖》對(duì)“禹跡”進(jìn)行了清晰嚴(yán)格的界定。編制該圖的專家們表示，所謂禹跡，就是根據(jù)史料中有關(guān)大禹治水及其他活動(dòng)足跡和傳說(shuō)的記載，至今留存的有關(guān)大禹的祭祀活動(dòng)、紀(jì)念建筑設(shè)施、地物表征、碑刻題刻、地名遺存物等不可移動(dòng)的自然、歷史物質(zhì)遺存、遺址、遺跡。

"Each entry has been rigorously selected," Qiu says. "Many scholars have started to visit and conduct field investigation on the 'traces of Yu' since the early 1990s, and their research has laid a solid foundation for the publication of the current map."

“這些禹跡點(diǎn)都是專家學(xué)者們經(jīng)過(guò)精挑細(xì)選確定的，”邱志榮介紹到。“從20世紀(jì)90年代開(kāi)始，就有多名學(xué)者開(kāi)始了對(duì)各個(gè)禹跡的走訪、考證。這些研究都為編制和出版《中國(guó)禹跡圖》奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。”

大禹陵牌坊

Using the map and supporting documents, readers can readily pinpoint the location of each point of Yuji and find out its name, category, origin, current status and in which historical documents it was first recorded.

利用該圖以及相關(guān)的輔助資料，讀者們可以快速方便地找到某個(gè)禹跡點(diǎn)所處的位置，找出它的名稱、所屬類別、現(xiàn)狀、起源年代以及出處等。

For a long time, Yu had been regarded by some as mythical, but more recent archaeological and historical findings have led to a revaluation of the historicity of him and his flood control. In the 1960s archaeological excavations at Erlitou in Yanshi, Henan province, an early Bronze Age site, turned up remains of palaces and ancestral temples that predated the Shang Dynasty (c. 16th century-11th century BC). The ruins of Wangchenggang, in Dengfeng, Henan province, excavated in the 1970s, are believed to be the capital established by Yu in about 2070 BC and recorded in pre-Qin (221-206 BC) literature.

一段時(shí)間以來(lái)，有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為大禹只是傳說(shuō)中的人物，而非真實(shí)的歷史存在。但是現(xiàn)代考古學(xué)和歷史學(xué)的一些新發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)讓學(xué)界和公眾重新審視大禹以及大禹治水的歷史性。比如，20世紀(jì)60年代，在我國(guó)的河南省偃師二里頭考古發(fā)現(xiàn)了早于商朝（約公元前16世紀(jì)至公元前11世紀(jì)）的宮殿和宗廟遺存。再比如，20世紀(jì)70年代發(fā)掘出的河南省登封王城崗遺址，被認(rèn)為是先秦文獻(xiàn)所載的禹都之陽(yáng)城，約始建于公元前2070年。

紹興大禹陵景區(qū)內(nèi)禹祠

Archaeological excavations have also confirmed that several regional civilizations existed along the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, as well as the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Taihu Plain between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago.

同樣，考古發(fā)掘也證實(shí)了距今1萬(wàn)至4000年的黃淮流域、長(zhǎng)江中下游和太湖平原等地區(qū)已存在多個(gè)區(qū)域文明。

In fact, in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), an effort had already been made to draw the Yuji Tu (Map of Traces of Yu). The one that had been engraved on a stele in 1136, and that now resides in the Forest of Stone Steles Museum in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, is one of the earliest extant national maps and among the most famous.

事實(shí)上，先賢們?cè)缭谒未鷷r(shí)期（960-1279）就開(kāi)始編制《禹跡圖》了。現(xiàn)存于陜西西安碑林博物館的一塊石碑上即存有《禹跡圖》，刻于1136年，被認(rèn)為是世界上現(xiàn)存最早的、最杰出的國(guó)家地圖之一。

紹興大禹陵

The first attempts to make the current Zhongguo Yuji Tu were in 2017, when Qiu and his collaborators set out to compile the Shaoxing Yuji Tu (Map of Traces of Yu in the city of Shaoxing in Zhejiang province), which was published in 2018 and the following year was expanded to become the Zhejiang Yuji Tu (Map of Traces of Yu in Zhejiang province). It is no coincidence that Shaoxing was the focal point, for it was to this place that Qin Shihuang (259-210 BC), China's first emperor, traveled and performed sacrificial rituals for Yu the Great.

而《中國(guó)禹跡圖》的編制實(shí)則在2017年就已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了，當(dāng)時(shí)邱志榮和一眾學(xué)者啟動(dòng)了《紹興禹跡圖》的編制工作，并于2018年發(fā)布該圖。又經(jīng)過(guò)了一年的努力，《紹興禹跡圖》又被進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展，覆蓋了整個(gè)浙江省。2019年，《浙江禹跡圖》應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。紹興能夠成為禹跡圖的“核心”和“焦點(diǎn)”也絕非偶然，因?yàn)檎窃诮B興，中國(guó)的始皇帝秦始皇（前259-前210）“祭大禹”，開(kāi)創(chuàng)了帝王祭禹之先河。

Shaoxing is also where Yu's mausoleum lies today and where the most widely heard story of his is said to have taken place.

紹興也是大禹長(zhǎng)眠之地——大禹陵就坐落在紹興市越城區(qū)東南稽山門外會(huì)稽山麓；同時(shí)，紹興還是大禹最廣為流傳的故事的發(fā)生地之一。

《中國(guó)禹跡圖導(dǎo)讀》及紹興禹跡標(biāo)識(shí)牌揭牌（2021年10月）

It is said that when Yu the Great went about taming the floods, he met a member of a local clan and they married. However, a few days later Yu had to leave home to continue fighting the scourge of floods. For the next 13 years he did not set foot in his home again, even though he went by it three times.

相傳大禹治水期間，在紹興遇到涂山氏女，兩人一見(jiàn)傾心，喜結(jié)連理。但是婚后沒(méi)有幾天，大禹就不得不繼續(xù)踏上治理洪水的征程中，一去就是13年。這13年里，因擔(dān)心治水進(jìn)度，他曾經(jīng)三過(guò)家門而不入。在此期間，大禹的妻子涂山氏女在家里日盼夜盼，天天盼望夫君平安歸來(lái)。

In this time, it is said, his wife, eagerly awaiting his return month in and month out, could not help but utter in increasing frustration,"Oh, I am waiting for him." This single line, some experts say, is the first poem composed by a female writer in China.

一天天、一月月、一年年過(guò)去了，涂山氏女望穿了秋水，還是不得見(jiàn)禹。據(jù)說(shuō)她不禁嘆息，吟詠著“候人兮，猗！”有些學(xué)者認(rèn)為，雖然僅是簡(jiǎn)單的四個(gè)字，這卻是中國(guó)女性所做的第一首詩(shī)。

日本禹王遺跡分布圖

"Yu is a cultural totem of perseverance and struggle for the Chinese nation in the face of difficulties," says Tan Xuming, head of the Water History Committee of the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society.

“禹跡是中華民族面臨困境堅(jiān)忍不拔，奮斗不息的文化圖騰，”中國(guó)水利學(xué)會(huì)水利史研究會(huì)會(huì)長(zhǎng)譚徐明認(rèn)為。

Over time Yuji, or the traces of Yu, have become an integral part of society and culture. "They are a moral symbol to encourage the Chinese people to bravely fight natural disasters and work together in times of trouble," Tan says. "Yu and his stories serve as a spiritual bond that has linked the Chinese people throughout history."

幾千年來(lái)，它們已經(jīng)成為中國(guó)社會(huì)和文化的重要組成部分。“作為治水之神的禹跡，是鼓勵(lì)國(guó)人面對(duì)災(zāi)害，公而忘私、同舟共濟(jì)，興水利除水害的道德標(biāo)識(shí)，”譚徐明表示。“是凝聚中華民族的精神紐帶。”

They do more than connect Chinese people; they have a deep influence on other East Asian countries too, Japan and South Korea in particular, where many Yuji, or traces of Yu, can be found. For example, in Japan, more than 150 such traces have been documented.

大禹文化連接的不僅僅是中華民族，它對(duì)周邊的東亞國(guó)家，尤其是在日本和韓國(guó)民間也有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。比如數(shù)據(jù)顯示，日本目前就有150多處禹跡。

韓國(guó)禹王遺跡分布圖

With the publication of the Chinese version of the two maps of traces of Yu in Japan and South Korea on the same day as Zhongguo Yuji Tu, a map covering the whole of East Asia is expected to be published in the near future.

其實(shí)與《中國(guó)禹跡圖》同時(shí)發(fā)布的還有經(jīng)過(guò)翻譯校正的《日本禹王遺跡分布圖》和《韓國(guó)禹王遺跡分布圖》。這也就意味著，《東亞禹跡圖》的框架已基本形成，將會(huì)在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)與大家見(jiàn)面。

"As in China, the stories of Yu have taken deep root among Japanese and Koreans," says He Junjie, director of the Shaoxing Municipal Bureau of Culture and Tourism. "The ancient sage helped with flood control during his time, and now he is helping strengthen cultural exchanges between different nations."

“就像在中國(guó)一樣，大禹文化在日本和韓國(guó)民間早已生根，”紹興市委宣傳部副部長(zhǎng)、市文化廣電旅游局局長(zhǎng)何俊杰說(shuō)道。“這位上古圣賢在他那個(gè)時(shí)代不辭辛勞地治水，現(xiàn)如今他的寶貴文化遺產(chǎn)又在作為一個(gè)橋梁進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)亞洲文明之間的交流互鑒。”

責(zé)編：勾曉慶